Economics Term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics - Term Paper Example In various means, advertising and customer researchers continuously encounter the test of making images that depict respondents to marketing-related stimuli, this represents as a data for purposes of analysis. This data will incarcerate the fundamental nature of significant utilization practices; that will be communicated to research findings for interested audiences; or play a role in executing the pictorial components of marketing stratagem (Morris, 1997). Generic advertising was the common methodology used in enticing consumers to purchase a product or avail a certain service. This method captures the public attention in an instant, but this will not sustain if the advertisement is boring and dry. The generic approach is very important in preparing advertising messages that concentrates on the customer benefits that apply to all brands in a product category, as opposed to benefits that are unique to specific brands. Rather than being generic, companies and advertising agencies are finding effective means and faster communication of messages to the direct consumers. In the new millennium, the internet-based technology has played a key role in expanding a wide array of consumers in a small span of time worldwide. The potential of the World Wide Web on the Internet as a commercial medium and market has been widely documented in a variety of media. However, a critical examination of its commercial development has received little attention (Ricciuti, 1995). In this fast-paced environment, technology was always an important tool in spreading the good news and to easily communicate with direct customers. The development of internet-based technologies opened endless possibilities for Marketers. Marketing research can be carried out subtly by actively archiving the procedures that each individual undertakes on the Web, through Web tracking software (Culnan, 1999). When we make a whole new set of variables available to the marketer, the

Compare the Ways in Which Susan Hill Essay Example for Free

Compare the Ways in Which Susan Hill Essay Compare the Ways in Which Susan Hill and Thomas Hardy Present Their Narratives of Suspense and the Supernatural in the Woman in Black and the Withered Arm? Both the Woman in Black and the Withered Arm are well known pieces of modern literature, and utilize both different and similar methods to present a narrative of the supernatural. In this assessment of the two books I will be considering the pace, tension, description, structure, style, literature devices and the creative writing within the two books. However throughout my evaluation of the two pieces I will take into account the fact that although The Withered Arm and The Woman in Black are both considered short stories rather than novels, their lengths vary immensely. This may help account for some of the differences but may also be a reflection of the authors preferred style of writing, and therefore can be used to give us a better insight into their reasons and motives behind every literal device. Thomas Hardy, the author of The Withered Arm is probably one of the most effective and to the point authors of his time. Every single person, every single place and every single object in the book has a point, whether it is an obvious point or a more vague and ambiguous point. Therefore person, place and object create a very effective example of the scenic code in The Withered Arm by Hardy. Hardy uses his flair for being succinct and concise to not only decrease the amount of words needed to tell the story, but to also increase the amount of hidden and inconspicuous messages in the written and spoken dialogue. This can explain the amount of detail in the book in relation to the length of the story. The concealed details give indications and suggestions into events further on. An example of this is the hint surrounding the future of Rhodas son. Hardy describes him as playing with a knife, and returning from catching coneys, which implies that at this time, his life involves crossing lines with the law, and that his future will be linked with the law, crime and punishment. The Woman in Blacks author Susan Hill employs a different style of writing which is intentionally drawn out and long-winded then abrupt and unexpected to embark the reader on a rollercoaster ride affair within the book. It is filled with changes in pace, tension and emotion that create dips, build ups, climactic peaks, and the eventual and inevitable hangover period of the come down. The rollercoaster ride within The Woman in Black is deliberate as to ensnare the concentration of the reader, keep them on their toes and heighten their awareness of the story. The dips occur during scenes unconcerned of the supernatural, such as in the second chapter, where the objective of the narrative at this point is simply to plot the way for the supernatural to transpire. In this chapter concerning the assigning of Arthur Kipps to the estate of the lately deceased Alice Drablow, there is no hint of the sinister events to come, except perhaps of the ominous feelings created by the considerably described state of Londons fog. These ominous feelings are repeated by the portrayal of foggy weather later on in the book, where it is used to good effect to assist in the build-ups in pace, tension and emotion. There is an immense feeling of menace and apprehension during the build-ups, which help to accumulate a sense of foreboding. This may be likened to the Hollywood device of a background crescendo before a frightening event. The climactic peaks of a ghost sighting occur for only a short time, but Hill prolongs the events with detailed descriptions. These descriptions are recurring throughout the book, and at times can be described as a logorrhoea. These excessive flows of language are on occasion unnecessary, but understandable in terms of the purpose of varying the pace and tension. The post-supernatural event calm allows the reader to recover from the event and lulls them back into a state of comfort. The Withered Arm is in the third person, which has the benefit of giving the narrator a feeling of omnipotence. This is advantageous as it lends the narrative the use of describing everything that is occurring with a link to the story. The Withered Arm starts off in a simple, stable and somewhat controlled environment; however when Hardy throws in the bitter emotions of a discarded lover and the conflict between the supernatural and mere coincidence, the story becomes a lot more elaborate. Whereas Hill states that it is actually a ghost story and offers no other alternative explanation, Hardy tries hard to keep this distinction vague and indistinguishable. He doesnt define the story as being of the supernatural, but instead tries to make us believe the logic of coincidence. This could be a measure of reverse psychology, intertwined with the exploitation of human instincts. Saying that it isnt a ghost story makes us want to disbelieve the statement and formulate our own ideas that it is a ghost story and it also immediately places the statement of a ghost story into the brain due to instinct. Hardy extends the argument for mere coincidence with Conjuror Trendle joking about his apparent powers and dismissing them as pure luck. Further evidence of his wish to leave the supernatural in shrouds of mystery is his modifications from his unsolicited first version in 1887 to the altered edition in 1888. Changes like from she would not explain to she could not explain on page 64, and the addition of dream to precede scene on page 68 create hesitation as to the certainty of the supernatural event actually taking place. The Woman in Black is written in the first person, which has the advantage of presenting this feeling of a memory rather than a story being told by the narrator. This leads to the hypothesis that, as a ghost story, one of the authors intentions for the book was as a publicly performed storytelling book. This furthers its notion of a classic Dickensian story (such as A Christmas Carol) which has been made a part of modern literary culture and is widely associated with storytelling. However, the first person means that the story can only be describe through the eyes of the main character, Arthur Kipps. Evolutions in plot can only happen under Arthurs presence, but this does not lead to too much of a problem as all of the main events happen to Arthur and any necessary information is relayed through him to the reader by somebody else. These informing conversations happen with a number of people who are all reluctant to divulge all they know to Arthur. Hill uses their unwillingness to expand the changes in tension. Her use of the characters is not limited to increasing tension and the sense of foreboding but also to increasing comfort. Hill uses two characters to reinforce this sense of comfort, Stella (Arthurs fianci e) and Samuel Daily (Arthurs new friend). Stella is never seen apart from the last chapter, but is frequently used as a mental comforter for both Arthur and the reader, when they are scared. She adds depth to his character, reminding the reader that Arthur is capable of love. She adds a facet to Arthurs personality that gives the reader more to connect to. Samuel Daily is the only friendly person in Crythin Gifford, and is used as a Safety Blanket, another means of comfort for Arthur that is physical rather than just mental, as with Stella. He is also a means for Susan Hill to slowly describe the story of Jennet Humhrye, using Samuel to reluctantly release the details he knows about. This combats the problem of the 1st person limitations effectively. Events that do not happen to Arthur are being known to the reader in a manner which suits the story. Hardy uses his characters in a different way. Unlike Hill, where the moral classifications are immediately set, Hardys characters have no obvious categorisation into hero, friend or villain. Even though it is a very short story compared Hills he manages to give the characters superior, making them mysterious in their personality traits. Both of the main characters are female, and have multi faceted personalities, which develop and change over the period of the book. Rhoda, the main character in the first half of the story, is initially disturbing and malevolent with her obsession towards Gertrude. It seems as if she is the token villain and the supernatural force, but Hardy casts doubts on this by conflicting the paranormal with coincidence, as previously mentioned. Hardy thickens the plot by portraying the mystic as either an accident or as not occurring at all, that the events are due to the freaks of coincidence, and are not by Rhodas intent. Gertrude is the main character in the second half of the story distinguished by a six-year gap. She is initially modest, generous and beautiful, the ideal of a lady. But during the second half, the reader learns that she becomes fixated on necromancy as a cure for her disfigurement. The Withered Arm has an unoriginal structure, as it is in chronological order. However, the second half of the story takes place 6 years after the first half, which signifies both that there is a change in the story (Gertrudes actions become the focus of the narrative) and that Gertrudes ailment in the first half was not serious enough to kill her, she simply declined into a loveless marriage. Hill employs an original structure to her story where a framing narrative precedes the main bulk of the story. This Love plays a major part in the two books; it serves as a reason for some of the events and gives motives for some peoples actions. In the withered arm, love could be considered the driving force behind Rhodas initial hate for Gertrude. It is Gertrudes deep desire to be loved again that forces her to take such extreme measures. It is Jennet Humphyres love for her son that makes her become a malevolently evil force. In conclusion I think that Hardys narrative of the supernatural is superior to Hills as although it is much shorter, using literary analysis, I have discovered that it contains far more in terms of detail, allusion, references, prophesies and obscurity and ambiguity.

The Laptop Computer :: Mobile Computing Portable

"Alan Kay has remarked that had Vannevar Bush enjoyed working in all-night coffee shops, he would have invented the portable computer." (Press, 1993, p.31) The laptop computer has had a tremendous impact in the areas of business, education, government, and personal use. The emergence of portable computing and the laptop computer can be traced to the introduction of the personal computer itself. In 1975, the MITS Altair 8800 was introduced. The Altair is recognized as being the first commercially successful personal computer and the launching point for the personal computer revolution (Sysop, n.d.). Almost simultaneously, the idea of portability (in particular for the business-person) became a major focus in the industry. This new desire for computing portability introduced a number of new challenges. Factors such as cost, weight, power source, screen & keyboard size, overall size, and included software presented great challenges to computer system designers. There is some debate regarding which machine holds claim to being the first portable computer, as portable was a relative term used quite liberally. The earliest portables, while heavy by today’s standards, shared the common characteristic of integrating a keyboard, memory, processor(s), display, and expandability potential into a single unit able to be transported. In 1975, about one month after the Altair’s debut, IBM introduced the 5100 – dubbed the IBM Portable PC. There were few personal computers available around this time, making the powerful 5100 very attractive as a complete portable system (Sysop, n.d.). At almost 60 pounds and a cost of $9,000-$20,000 however, it was attractive to a small audience. It was designed specifically for professional and scientific problem-solvers. Several years later saw the introduction of what most historians refer to as the first truly portable computer, the Osborne 1 (Bellis, 2005). Released in 1981, the Osborne 1 weighed about 24 pounds and sold for $1795. While the unit itself was still rather bulky, it contained a fold-out keyboard, 5 inch monitor, and two floppy disk drives. Its biggest value however, was the $1500 worth of software that came with it. Unlike the IBM 5100, the Osborne 1 optionally ran on battery packs, enabling true portability. Advances in technology sa w the decrease in size of portable computers, as well as an increase in computing power.

Target Corporation Essay

Executive Summary: This case study analyzed five different projects Target Corporation had to decide on capital spent for which project created the most value and the most growth for the company and its shareholders. By analyzing the financial statements and exhibits of each project, I was able to determine the positives and negatives of each of these alternatives. The alternatives were Gopher Place, Whalen Court, The Barn, Goldie’s Square, or Stadium Remodel. The recommendation provided for Target Corporation is choosing the Stadium Remodel project. There were three main factors used for choosing this project. First, its low initial investment that makes the risk for Target much lower. Second, by implementing this project it continues the strong brand image Target has with its customers. Lastly, the Stadium Remodel project uses only a small percentage of total capital expenditures making it possible for Target to have more capital available for future capital expenditures. Table of Contents: Executive Summary – Page 1 Situational Analysis – Page 4 Alternatives – Page 5 Recommendation – Page 10 Appendices – Page 13 Situational Analysis: Target Corporation has become a strong performing company in the retail industry in part because of its successful investment decisions and continued growth. That is why when Dan Scovanner, CFO of Target, and the four other executives in the CEC (Capital Expenditure Committee) meet it is of high importance. The approval or denial of CPR’s (Capital Project Requests) has the potential to set precedents that would affect possible  decisions in the future. Every month the CEC meets to go over new CPR’s that could have a lasting impact on the short-term and long-term profitability of Target. For the month of November in 2006, there were five particular projects Scovanner knew were going to be the most highly discussed and evaluated. These projects involved four new store openings and one remodeling of an existing store. The new openings were Gopher Place, Whalen Court, The Barn, and Goldie’s Square. The remodeling of an existing store format into a SuperTarget was Stadium Remodel. To come to a conclusion on whether to approve or deny projects the CEC uses a â€Å"dashboard† that has many factors. These factors include total investment size, NPV, IRR, population, population growth, and so on. The problem was whether capital was better spent on one project or another to create the most value and the most growth for the company and its shareholders. Alternatives: The first alternative for Target Corporation is the project Gopher Place. The positives of this project are that it will have the highest population increase from 2000-2005 at 27%. This increase is much higher than any other project and that means more possible customers and sales in the future. The market also has a favorable median income at $56,400 and projected sales growth is higher than the prototype. In addition, Gopher Place NPV Value is 18% higher (Appendix 1) than the prototype. Then, there are the negatives of choosing this project. First, the investment size initially looks within a typical investment level at $23 million. But, compared to the prototype this project is actually over $5 million more or 31% higher (Appendix 1). Gopher Place has the lowest population among the 5 projects given and has the smallest percentage of adults with four plus years of college at 12%. This is important because Target focuses on creating a shopping experience that attracts college-educated woman whom have children and are more affluent than the standard Wal-Mart customer. Also, Target already has stores within the area and the sales from this new project would derive 19% of its sales from surrounding area. Lastly, within the next few years Wal-Mart is expected to add two new supercenters, which would take up 76% of the market, compared to Targets 24% of the market. The second alternative for Target Corporation is the project Whalen Court. The positives of this project are  that it has the highest NPV, highest total R&P sales, highest population, and highest percent of adults with four plus years of college. First, Whalen Court not only has the highest NPV but they have the greatest opportunity. If sales increase by 10% it would be over $16 million more than the prototype. Second, this projects sales could be by far the greater than the prototypes of any other pro jects. The 1st and 5th year sales equivalents would be over $52 and $69 million respectively. Compare this to the other projects and they are 10’s of millions more. Third, the Whalen Court project has the highest population at 632,000, which means they have the largest customer pool. Their population is almost three times greater than the second closest project. Lastly, this project has the highest percentage of adults with four plus years of college. This is very important because these are the customers Target is trying to attract the most. Now, there are some negatives of this project as well. First, the investment size is much greater than the typical prototype. It is actually 409% (Appendix 1) more than the prototype. The next closest project is only 31% more, which makes this project very concerning. Next, is the building cost versus the prototype. The project is for a lease of a building and the cost are very high compared to the other projects at over $15 million more than the prototype. Add in the fact that Target usually owns their store property and this project is already out of the ordinary. Finally, there is the IRR in value and st ore sensitivities. The Whalen Court project has one the lower IRR’s and it affects many things. Construction costs would have to decrease more than $41 million to achieve prototype store IRR. This is an extremely large number compared to the other projects. In addition, this projects IRR for sales is staggering. Sales would have to increase over 31% to achieve prototype store IRR. This is much higher than any other project. The third alternative for Target Corporation is the project The Barn. The positives for this project were small initial investment, good sales growth, high IRR and NPV value, and a new market. First, this project had the lowest investment cost out of all the projects at $13 million. The low investment allows for a larger return on investments for Target. Furthermore, this was the only project that had a higher NPV than total net investment. Second, The Barn had projected sales higher than the prototype. It’s total R&P sales were projected to be over $2 million more than the prototype for the 1st and  5th year. Third, This project’s sales could decrease 18.1% and still achieve prototype store NPV. In addition, sales could decrease 23.2% and still achieve prototype store IRR. Therefore, the sales could not be as close to what was projected and still be greater than the prototype. In addition, The Barn had the highest IRR at 16.4%, which is what shareholders and investors want to see. Lastly, this project would have Target enter a new market. The closest stores were 80 miles and 90 miles away. Now, the negatives of The Barn project are its population increase, median income, percent of adults with four plus years of college, and competition. First, this project location is only supposed to have a 3% population increase from 2000-2005. This is the lowest out of all the other projects. Second, the median income is the lowest amongst the five projects at only $38,200. Thir d, the percent of adults with four plus years of college is among the lowest of the projects at 17%. Therefore, this location isn’t exactly the customers Target usually tries to attract. Lastly, the competition in this area is very steep. Within a few years there will be a Wal-Mart Supercenter, Sam’s Club, and Kmart taking 87% of the market. Thus, Target will only control 13% of the market. The fourth alternative for Target Corporation is the project Goldie’s Square. The positives of this project are lower investment size, lower building cost, affluent and faster growing population. First, this project’s total net investment is $694,000 less than the prototype. Second, it has a lower building cost than most of the other projects with only $313,000 more than the prototype. Lastly, the location for Goldie’s Square has the second largest population at 222,000 and it will increase by 16% from 2000 to 2005. This means this location has potential growth for Target. Now, the negatives for Goldie’s Square are the projects NPV and IRR, projected sales, and the market. First, the NPV for this project are the lowest of any of the other projects by far. With only $317,000, Goldie’s Square would 6,156% (Appendix 1) lower than the prototype. That percentage is astronomically larger than any other project. In addition, it has the lowest IRR of all the projects at 8.1%. Both this low NPV and IRR have a major affect on what the projected sales need to be to achieve prototype. Sales would have to increase respectively 45.1% and 47.2% to achieve prototype NPV and IRR. These are the most of any other project and would be very difficult to achieve. Lastly, the market for this project seems to be  fairly saturated. There are already 12 Target store currently in this market and could possibly go up to 24. In addition, a large portion of the sales (25%) would be taken from the surrounding stores. Finally, in the next few years it is projected the competition in this market will be high. Target is projected to only have 17% share of the market. The fifth alternative for Target Corporation is the project Stadium Remodel. This is the only remodeling project and its positives are lower total net investment, projected R&P sales, median income, percent of adults with four plus years of college, and customer loyalty. First, the initial investment amount would 46% (Appendix 1) better than the prototype which is the best of all the projects. In addition it is one of the lower investment costs therefore it wouldn’t cost the company as much. Second, the projected R&P sales are better than the prototype. The post-remodel sales projects a 17% sales lift for this store. This remodeling could really boost sales at this store making it more profitable in the long-term. Third, the median income for this market is the highest at $65,931. In addition, this project has one of the highest percentage of adults with four plus years of college at 42%. Both of these statistics fits Targets customer type very well. Lastly, this Target store has been in the market since 1972 with loyal customers. The support for this store is there it just needs to not hurt the brand image by not fixing the deteriorating facilities. The negatives of this project are higher risk and completely not fulfilling Target’s main objective. First, this project has the second highest sales risk of the projects. If the sales decline by 10% then the store NPV would decline by $7.85 million. This is a higher risk then some of the other projects that have to be considered. Lastly, the main objective of Target Corporation is to meet the goal of adding about 100 stores annually while maintaining a positive brand image. This project would help maintain a positive brand image but it also would not be adding towards the goal of 100 stores a year. Recommendation: Based on the alternatives analyzed I believe the best alternative is the Stadium Remodel. I came to this conclusion based on many different factors. First, I took Target’s strategy into careful consideration. Target’s strategy was to consider the shopping experience of the customer as a whole.  The corporation refers to customers as guest do there best to fulfill the slogan, â€Å"Expect more. Pay less.† Target focuses on creating a shopping experience that attracts college-educated woman whom have children and are more affluent than the standard Wal-Mart customer. Therefore, when I saw the Stadium Remodeling project had the highest median income and second highest percent of adults that had four plus years of college, I knew this was a project Target would strongly want to consider. In addition, one of Target’s main objectives is maintaining a positive brand image. This store was already successful at a strong long-term location serving an affluent fami ly-oriented customer base. By remodeling this store, Target is able to build the strong brand image among its loyal customers. In addition to maintaining a strong brand image, Target won’t have to use much of its budget for capital expenditure. In Appendix 2, it shows how the Stadium Remodel project will only use .49% of the total capital expenditures budget. This is the second lowest percentage among the five projects. Also, the low investment cost will make it possible to build 205 more stores at this cost if they wanted to. Therefore, the lower cost of this project will make it still possible for Target to keep its goal of trying to open 100 new stores annually. In conclusion, I believe this project would be the best chose based on a low initial investment, maintaining strong brand image, and using only a small percentage of total capital expenditures. If Target truly were about brand awareness and building a loyal customer base then they would have no problem choosing the Stadium Remodel project

Hopefully Looking Into the Future: Haiti

Hopefully Looking into the Future â€Å"Hope is the thing with feathers  /That perches in the soul  /And sings the tune without the words  /And never stops at all. †Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Emily Dickinson In Edwidge Danticat's anthology, The Butterfly's Way: Voices from the Haitian Dyaspora in the United States, different voices of the Haitian dyasporas tell their stories on how they have hope. Whether it be a young child looking for motherly love, seeking to win a soccer game or on an even bigger scale, or getting politically active and hope that what you have done pays off.Though Haiti is often associated with negative stereotypes, whether it be associated with AIDS or â€Å"the Phrase† which was Haiti: The Poorest Nation in the Western Hemisphere (Dreyfus 57), Haitian Americans tend to look on the bright side and turn out to be very optimistic. They are not the ones to just give up, they have come too far. The hope Emily Dickinson's quote from her poem Hope is the thin g with feathers   describes, is what the hope Haitians have. It gets buried within a person, that never succumbs. Throughout many essays, this point is clearly supported.Though their country may not be at its best, throughout the essays, Haitians as well as this part of the Haitian dyaspora, look to move forward and become successful by the migration to the United States. In many instances throughout the compilation of essays and poems, Haitian Americans share their stories on how they have this sense of hope. In â€Å"Restavek† , by Jean-Robert Cadet, the boy, despite the maltreatment of Florence, hopes that deep down she loves him and cares for him. In reality all she really does is abuses and uses him for what he's supposed to be doing as a restavek child.Even til the end, when the boy knows how Florence treats him, he hopes that she had gotten him something for his ceremony. In â€Å"Bonne Annee†, Jean-Piere Benoit inserts a small anecdote that shows that,  "Haitians hope even when there is no hope† (34). Interestingly enough, Benoit cleverly includes the brief anecdote of the soccer game of Italy versus Haiti right after he mentions Bebe Doc taking over his father, but right before states that Bebe Doc had fled the country, as if to enhance the meaning of it.By putting it in this order, you see that Haiti can, even if they end up losing they do have the potential. Jean- Claude fleeing the country gives rise to new hope among many Haitians, both in the ten departments of Haiti and in the eleventh department. As Benoit describes that even † a blizzard in New York [†¦ ] does not prevent jubilant Haitians from taking to the snowy streets, waving flags, pouring champagne† (Benoit 35). Like the soccer game, they celebrated. Something good has happened, an occurrence that for Haitians does not come too often. hink this is perfectly sequenced in order to convey In â€Å"Adieu Miles and Good-bye Democracy†, Patric k Sylvain shows us that the hope he has in his country becoming a democracy is more important to him than his family. Even though he does give up his role as a father to take that of a political activist, he does question himself on whether he made the right decision and if he even made a difference in Haitian politics. All these different voices come together to express the potency of the hope of Haitian Americans.The hope Haitians have prevails over death. Although many Haitians seem to be very hopeful in life, there most certainly are those few that through death triggered hope, and ultimately resorting to suicide. In â€Å"Something in the Water†¦ Reflections of a Peoples Journey†, Nikol Payen tells us of a woman that could not bear with the suffering being on the boat with her infant and gave up on life, plunging into the ocean, never to be heard of again. Although she did not fight to continue, we have to understand the hardships dealt on a daily basis.The boy tell ing the author the story of the aunt that had jumped off the boat, gains hope from seeing this act. He resorts to trusting Payen and getting onto the ship, hoping that he would get a better ending than the aunt. In Marie Ketsia Theodore-Pharel's essay â€Å"Haiti: A Cigarette Burning at Both Ends†, the title alone gives the essay an ethos of lost hope, that no matter what Haiti will, in comparison to a cigarette, burn at both ends, choking any possibilities of having hope. In the end, Thurel died, simple as that. Mr.Thurel â€Å"had made the ultimate sacrifice†, his journey had ended, but his death triggered the author of the essay to think, and other could have been influenced too. Therefore his death had made an impact on people enough to maybe give them hope to do better, and not turn out haw he had. Theodore- Pharel is contemplating whether Mr. Thurel had died for no cause, and this makes her question her love for Haiti. Being given a hopeless title, but opening th e essay with an anecdote from her past that shows the story of a martyr that obviously impacted her, makes me think of the essay as being contradictory.Thurel's suicide, as the suicide of the woman on the boat, is because of the difficulties that they were dealing with in their lives. However, in Thurel's suicide we see more of him being somewhat of a martyr. Thurel said himself in this essay that he was to â€Å"offer myself in holocaust for the complete liberation of my country† (Pharel 83). He died for his country , as had past fighters: Dessalines and Christophe. Like they once did, he had hope for his country, and as did Sylvain, which was mentioned before.Hope does not stop at death, especially considering the fact that Haitians believe that a person does not really die, their soul lives on. And even after death, there is always hope for future generations. Many of the authors of these essays have grown up in the United States, coming from Haitian-born parents. These pa rents hoped for their children to be successful. They did not want their children to have to go through what they had been. These authors, now mostly accomplished , are the epitome of a Haitian American, or of the Haitian dyaspora.Finding â€Å"success in exile†, whether it be to learn a lesson as Sandy Alexandre did in Exiled when she was tricked by her mother to go to Haiti to teach her a lesson to respect her elders, or finding exile as a motivator to become successful (Dreyfus 58). Having been sent to to Haiti, Dreyfus realizes she has to be thankful for what she had, not just take it for granted, seeing that not everyone had the same privileges as she did back in her home in America. In â€Å"Home is†¦ Sophia Cantave, currently a professor at Tufts University, is perplexed if â€Å"perhaps my mother had given birth to me so that I could do all the things that she never did† (170). As an educated woman, she is proud of having succeeded, making her mom proud, yet she is disconnected from her mother, her native land. This hope given to future generations , of the children of Haitian migrants to the United States, is in a way disconnecting them from Haiti. Hope is an exuberant trait among Haitian Americans.Those that had grown up in a place very different from their mother country, as well as those still in Haiti and even in the journey to migrate faced many dilemmas. As Haitians, going from fighting France to win their independence and always having this background of a turbulent government, they will always turn to hope. All they can do is hope, hope for the best , as their ancestors had done in the past and as they continued to do so. And from that hope, become a proud Haitian, because despite their past, they overcame it. They are left alone in this new world, with only hope at their side to help them continue.

Prices Not Listed on the Menu essays

Prices Not Listed on the Menu essays In Eric Schlossers first book, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (2001), through hard facts, witty insight, and meticulous research, he produces a book-length view of how quickly and methodically the fast food business has taken over our country. Schlosser tracks the fast food industry from Americas first infatuation with fast food to its origins in 1950s California and its global triumph. Additionally Schlosser discusses the full transformation of our landscape, work force, economy, pop culture, and our diets. This infiltration of the booming fast food industry has invaded every aspect of our culture. Our diets are forever changed because of the fast food industry. Peoples lives have become busier and busier, leaving little time to sit for a meal. The fast food business has taken advantage of this fact, creating an easy solution for many Americans: cheap food, numerous locations, and quick service. When people started having to work longer hours and women started working also, so that the family could have enough money to live the lifestyle theyve become accustomed to, fast food restaurants became a necessity. These restaurants provide busy people with a quick and cheap replacement for a meal. But, fast food establishments have been serving up a lot more than burgers and fries; the lasting effects on diets have increased obesity and malnutrition among Americans. As Schlosser writes, The typical American now consumes approximately three hamburgers and four orders of french fries every week. (6) Schlosser clearly illustrates, through facts like these, the damage this industry h as had on the American way of eating. One particular fast food chain Schlosser continues to use as an example in this book is the American favorite, McDonalds. Schlosser begins his deconstruction of the fast food industry with the analysis and history of McDonalds as an American economi...

How Should We Honor Our Vets essays

How Should We Honor Our Vets essays "...with liberty and justice for all." Words that ring true for millions of people in this country and only because of the sacrifice and efforts of our veterans. The liberty and justice that our veterans have fought for doesn't seem to apply to them. The American dream is the cause in which they risked their lives. A dream of freedom where the future generations of Americans would live peacefully with no slavery and no tyranny; a place where everyone has a future and everyone has a dream. These brave and outstanding citizens of America have risked their lives and futures for us, and yet, we have done so little to give our thanks for the sacrifices they have suffered. Where is the liberty in a man who is confined to a wheelchair after fighting in war for our freedoms? Where is the justice when the United States government cuts that man's benefits? It is a travesty to see how we treat the men and women who have given us this wonderful country that we live in. Disability payments are boing cut which means our veterans may not be able to get the medical necessities that they need to be in good health. Our veterans have lost so much in the wars, the least we could do is show them the American hospitality that they deserve and give them the medical attention they need to survive. At this time in our nation's history we seem to have finally begun to take a serious look at the heroic achievements of the men and women of World War II. High profile movies like "Saving Private Ryan" captured our interest giving us new insight into the horror of the most devastating war of our time. We should have a national memorial to pay tribut to those men and women who endured terrible hardships on our behalf. Mass efforts are now underway to do just that. "We the prople, of the United Sates" owe our veterans so much. They have shown us so convincingly how to find courage and enduring strength in anything we might want to acco...

THE UPS AND DOWNS OF BOOK PROMOTION

THE UPS AND DOWNS OF BOOK PROMOTION If you thought writing a book creates emotional upheaval, wait until you try to market it! Nope, people dont just step up and buy the book. You have to subtly, tastefully, skillfully remind them that this book is a tremendous investment without saying, Buy this book. Do you know how hard that is? It means chatting with people and mentioning youre an author, then having all these great one-liner answers to any questions they might ask . . . in hopes those answers convince them to buy. It means being available for signing events, sometimes driving hundreds of miles, only to sell eight books . . .and smiling through it all. It means answering every email with courtesy, cheerfulness, patience, and enthusiasm . . . EVERY email. It means being doubted It means giving away more books than you probably expected, and spending hundreds of dollars in postcards, posters, gas, business cards, website design and more, (much more if you self-publish) as you think maybe the next book will recoup that back for you . . . and hopefully much more. But it also means people gush over how the story resonated with them . . . and you almost cry at each and every time you hear a new person express their enjoyment. It means you dive into the next book, and the next, anxious to show how much better a writer you are now . . . because now you have readers asking when the next book comes out. It means you squeal when someone enjoys a phrase you spent hours perfecting, fighting so hard to make it look easy. There is no arrival in this journey of writing a book. Its always an uphill climb. About the time you have a momentous occasion, youre slapped with two stars instead of five, or some bookstore owner who says, Come back and see me once youve published a second book, or you send out review copies and the reviewer never delivers. About the time family and friends give you great responses, you learn of several who never find time to read it. And you learn to laugh about it . . . laugh about it ALL. You chose this path. Everyone told you it was difficult.Yet you travel it anyway, because seeing your precious stories born to the world is no different than having children. Once you birth those babies you have to commit to the good and the bad of the experience. Some are easier to raise than others, and all of them cause you angst sooner or later. But in the end, you love the heck out of them. Mainly because they are a part of you.

The negative effects of obesity on youth Research Paper

The negative effects of obesity on youth - Research Paper Example Being influenced by the popular culture and general perceptions, young people sometimes resort to dietary choices and leisure and recreation habits, which give way to weight gain and the related negative medical and emotional effects. However, the latest trend that is more alarming is the prevalence of obesity amongst the young people, giving way to not only a high susceptibility to life threatening diseases but also resulting in many debilitating emotional and psychological consequences and diseases, which have a drastic negative effect on the lives of young people. Statistics It is, indeed, an irony that diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders that are linked to obesity and were more prevalent in senior adults could today as likely be traced amongst the young people (â€Å"Obesity Related Statistics in America† 1). The proportion of young children and adolescents that could be technically considered as being obese is increasing ever more rapidly than before (à ¢â‚¬Å"Obesity Related Statistics in America† 1). ... The figures that do solicit the attention of parents, schools and health services are the facts that convincingly lead to the conclusion that the incidence of obesity amongst the adolescents has expanded by four times in the last three decades (â€Å"Obesity Related Statistics in America† 1). This means that the young people today are four times more likely to suffer from obesity related diseases and psychological ailments than they were just 30 years ago. Possible Causes and Reasons for Obesity amongst Youth There is no denying the fact that the youth of today tends to eat more and leads a lifestyle that is quite different from the generations of yore (â€Å"America’s Epidemic of Youth Obesity† 1). The life of young people today is more prone to being sedentary and activities free (â€Å"America’s Epidemic of Youth Obesity† 1). Besides, going by the influx of virtual sources of entertainment, young people do prefer to spend much more time sitting b efore television sets, computers and video games rather than sweating it out on the playgrounds (â€Å"America’s Epidemic of Youth Obesity† 1). Societal changes have also to do with this propensity towards sedentary lifestyles and obesity. With two-income families and a rise in the number of single parent households, young people are more prone to consuming a higher degree of calories in the form of cheap fast foods and high calorie sugary drinks and sweets (â€Å"America’s Epidemic of Youth Obesity† 1). The augmenting number of activism and protests against the fast food chains such as Big Macs do say a lot as far as the task of accounting for rising obesity amongst the young people is concerned. In that context, young people hailing from low income

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits Essay - 4

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits of this to a company Support your answer with examples - Essay Example This model states that there are five different main elements of a job that can result in motivating employees, these five main elements include, skill variety, task identity, task significance along with independence and reaction being the two most important elements of a job (DAFT, 2011, p.421). Body The model of job characteristics states that employees are motivated to perform those jobs where they can use different sets of skills and the skills that are required for such a job must require an employee to use that are of higher level. For example: managers can motivate an entry level employee in Human Resource Department if the employee is allowed to work on tasks that require higher level skills such as screening of resumes, creating training and interviewing schedules and other skills. According to Bremner and fellow researchers, skill variety is one of the main job characteristics that led to making employees feel that their work was meaningful and this feeling employees are m otivated as they feel that their skills are being used to perform are important for the job (Bremner, 2011, p.15). The job characteristic model asserts that employees are motivated to work on those tasks in which they feel that they are in control and due to their contribution a particular task was completed from the moment it started to the moment it ended. For example: a recruitment specialist will be motivated from hiring an employee in which he performed the duties of conducting job analysis and ended the task by hiring a suitable employee for a particular position. The employee would end up being de-motivated if he was only allowed to conduct job analysis and screen employees and selection of the employee was done by another employee. According to a literature search conducted by Rizwan and other researchers, there is a positive relationship between employee performance and job involvement (Rizwan, 2011, p.81). They state that the higher the level of an employee in a job, the h igher is the performance level of the employee. A third element of a job emphasized upon by the model is the element of task significance and the model states that employees are motivated to work on those assignments that are significant for others who are within the organization as well as outside the organization. For example: managers can motivate employees by assigning them tasks that are of significant importance to the top level of the management as this will make employees feel that they are needed by the organization. According to Grant, employee performance as well as dedication of lifeguards was positively impacted due to the significance of their task for others (Grant, 2008, p.120). A fourth important component of a job that leads to employee motivation is the amount of freedom to make decisions regarding how a particular job should be performed. For example: a teacher who is handed over a curriculum and course outline to follow by the supervisor will be less motivated t o perform his/her job as compared to a teacher who is allowed to design the curriculum as well as the outline to teach the students. According to Cordery and fellow researchers, employee team performance was degraded when they were faced with uncertain situations, but employee team performance became better due to higher level of autonomy even when they faced uncertain situati

Community Planning and Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Community Planning and Evaluation - Essay Example Public health hospital in Canada has as well revealed the ever increasing cases if drug related complications. Therefore, community health programs require an all-inclusive planning, monitoring, and evaluation mechanisms. The need for an exclusive planning in community health programs is especially elevated by the, increased need for evidence-based programs as well as demands for quality health standard practices. Nurses in collaboration with community members, technocrats from other disciplines, and key stakeholders in health sectors plays an incredibly remarkable role in reducing mortality rate brought about by preventable diseases (Louise & Blue, 2008). The Canadian Community Health-Nursing Standard of Practice has also developed an outline that explains how nurses should plan community programs, redesign the already available programs, monitor the execution of the planned programs, and examine the impacts of the planned program. The issue of illicit drug abuse in Canada has becom e a common phenomenon across all ages in the society. The Canadian government has as a result instituted various measures to address the menace. However, the government plans are yet to yield the required benefits. Due to increased level of aboriginal drug users among middle aged people in Canada, the community health programs intends to address the issues of prostitution, high HIV/AIDS prevalence, and substance abuse among young women (Black et. al., 2010). In addition, such health programs aim at highlighting burglary, sabotage, and health related effects, as well as, other regrettable consequences faced by the affected individuals. The department of health in Canada has observed a high risks associated with illicit drug use among the aboriginal homeless women. Increased number of prostitute’s reportedly missing; increased police cases and complaints on aboriginal women are some of the indicators of overuse of illicit drugs among aboriginal women (Louise & Blue, 2008). More over, several aboriginal women have been observed to be in a state of ill health with most of them being infected with HIV. The purpose of this study is to provide students with the ability to develop a program for health promotion. The program is also focused on the most effective means of dealing with illicit drug use among aboriginal homeless women aged 14-30 living in Downtown Eastside of Vancouver, Canada. The specific objectives of the program planning, implementation, and evaluation include ensuring increased immunization against contagious diseases among school going girls, awareness creation on illicit drug use and educating the young women on the risks associated with substance abuse for instance contraction of the HIV virus. The study also intends to promote public health standards by involving the homeless women in community activities. The health promotion program is also aimed at ensuring decreased rates of prostitution by empowering the society on the risks associated with it (Hitchcock, Schubert & Thomas, 2003). The study also intends to evaluate on the number of school going girls who indulge in prostitution and illicit drug use among the aboriginal women. The program planning, implementation and evaluation will provide the timeline, outcomes, resources and constraints, as well as, how will be implemented and evaluated (Louise & Blue,

Course Project 5 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Course Project 5 - Case Study Example Today’s turbulent economic conditions make it hard make structured decisions and long term planning; information is the most required asset for organizations who want to be able to respond instantaneously to changing factors and micro-blogging websites like twitter are quickly becoming the fastest sources of news there are- providing instant and relevant updates. Answer 2. Twitter is a global platform which is accessed by people all over the world. It is a free and very popular social media site and can be invaluable for global organizations who want to communicate on a frequent basis and in a personal way with their employees. With the ‘tweets’, the organization can share news and any relevant information; if the employees are subscribed to the channel, they will receive those tweets on their homepage without any need for a formal communication process. With things like retweeting and replying back, the employees living in any geographical location can directly talk to administration and because of the transparency of the platform can even receive comments or initiate a discussion with other employees. The connectivity provided lets employees talk about operations and strategies in an informal way. The use of humor which is rampant on Twitter changes the tone of the conversation, giving everyone the same amount of conversational authority and may help overcome barriers of cultural differences as you just have 140 characters to make your point. This leads to a more collaborative environment and better idea generation, effecting the overall operations. Answer 3. The instant connectivity allowed by twitter can be utilized by Project Managers very effectively to keep in touch with their employees. A dedicated project twitter profile can be updated with news, important information or used to communicate with employees on an instantaneous basis. It can also prove to be a good forum to share about any setbacks or milestones

A Report Comparing Employee Salaries at Mama Mia and Pasta Roma Essay

A Report Comparing Employee Salaries at Mama Mia and Pasta Roma Restaurants - Essay Example While the two restaurants are largely similar in terms of products and services offered and thus requires similar efforts from their employees, observations seems to indicate that employees in the two restaurants do not enjoy comparable salaries. This report aims to investigate this issue and provide statistical evidence that would prove or disprove the comparability of salary packages awarded to the employees of the two restaurants. Procedure Information was gathered on the salaries that employees from the two restaurants receive. Upon collecting these data, they were subjected to statistical analysis using the appropriate computer software. Pertinent statistical data of interest regarding employee salaries were: Shape of the distribution, Mean, Median, Minimum value, Maximum value, Range, Lower quartile value (Q1), Upper quartile value (Q3), Semi-interquartile range (SIR), Standard deviation, and Total Salaries. In addition, the number of employees were also noted. The results are presented in Table 1 below. Findings Table 1. Summary of Descriptive Statistics on the Salaries of Mama Mia and Pasta Roma Employees.    MAMA MIA ROMA PASTA Shape of distribution Positively skewed Negatively skewed Mean salary PW ?550 ?553 Median salary PW ?470 ?540 Min ?199 ?450 Max ?901 ?800 Range ?702 ?350 Q1( lower quartile) ?300 ?510 Q3(upper quartile) ?670 ?590 SIR ?185 ?40 Standard deviation ?117 ?66 Number of employees 248 196 Total Salaries ?116560 ?105840 Discussion and Analysis of Results The mean salary of employees from Mama Mia was ?  550 per week while Roma Pasta employees earn an average of ?553 per week. However, since the distributions are skewed, the median is the best measure to use in describing the average salaries of the employees. Looking at the data, we see that fifty percent of Mama Mia employees earned less than ?470 per week while 50% of Roma Pasta employees earned less than ?540 per week. These values indicate that more Roma Pasta employees are getti ng higher salaries than Mama Mia employees. In addition, the salary range of Mama Mia employee salaries is ?702 with a minimum salary of ?199 and ?901 while the salary range of Pasta Roma employee salaries is ?350 with a minimum salary of ?450 and a maximum salary of ?800. A further look into the results indicate that Q1 or the lower quartile employees for Mama Mia’s earn ?300 while lower quartile employees for Pasta Roma earn ?510. This means that 25% of Mama Mia’s employees have salaries of less than ?300 while 25% of Pasta Roma employees have salaries of less than ?510. Considering that the minimum salary received by Pasta Roma employees is ?450, this result suggests that even low-level Pasta Roma employees are being paid better than the low-level Mama Mia’s employees. Furthermore, Q3 or employees belonging to the upper quartile for Mama Mia’s earn ?670 while employees belonging to the upper quartile for Pasta Roma earn ?590. This time, we notice that the upper level employees of Mama Mia’s are actually paid better than the upper level employees of Pasta Roma. Thus, the middle 50% of Mama Mia’s employees earn ? 300 - ? 670 while the middle 50% of Pasta Roma employees earn ?510 - ?590. Factoring in the semi-interquartile range (SIR) of both groups, we see that Mama Mia’s has a high dispersion of the middle 50% of salaries about the median, given at ?185, while Pasta Roma has a low dispersion of the middle 50% of salaries about the median, given at ?40. In addition, the standard deviation of ?117 indicates a large amount of dispersion about the mean for Mama Mia’s while the standard deviation of ?66 indicates a relatively smaller amount of dispers

Discuss comfort zone and phase theories in business environment Essay

Discuss comfort zone and phase theories in business environment - Essay Example In performance management, motivation and anxiety are useful tools which are of great help since both are behaviorally subsets of stress. Both anxiety and motivation are constructive in different circumstances. In a certain scenario, introduction of anxiety might be appropriate while in another case, motivation may be most suitable. However, when excessive motivation or anxiety is used, it may decelerate performance because of too much stress. In order to be able to maximize performance in a given team or individuals an organization uses the appropriate management style in the various phases. If inappropriate management style is put to use on matters of people management, it may result to very poor performance. When utilizing performance enhancing steps, the new performance cycle should be at the point where the older cycle began to decelerate. The comfort zone The comfort zone is known to be a state of behavior whereby, an individual operates in a condition which is anxiety- neutral . In this state, an individual strives to deliver a level of performance which remains steady while using a limited set of behaviors without any sense of risk. This means that the level of performance remains constant as long as the anxiety or the applied skills does not change. In case the skills applied or the anxiety is altered, the end result will be either an upward or downwards change in the level of performance. The impact of anxiety on performance was investigated by Yerkes and Dodson. They found out that performance can be improved by anxiety to a point where, a given level of arousal has been reached (attained). However, performance begins to drop as the levels of anxiety gets higher and higher. The conclusion is that performance may be improved by increase in anxiety, but performance may also decrease when anxiety becomes excess (intolerable). In either case, an individual will be forced to move out their comfort zone and react to new stimuli. In terms of performance mana gement, improvement of performance as a result of increased anxiety is a good thing and is normally referred to a state of arousal. This state of arousal is defined as being the optimal performance zone, which all managers should strive to achieve to improve performance in their companies. However, the level of anxiety that causes performance deterioration is defined as being a good thing or danger zone. The research conducted by McCelland, Atkinson et al, on motivation illustrated the same relationship between motivation and performance. Carnall, when dealing with management of change came up with the correlation between individual’s performance and their own self esteem. Considering stress Carnall found out that stress increases an individual’s performance until a given level is attained. Beyond this given level, performance decelerates with increase levels of stress introduced to a worker. This continues until a given level where performance can enter into a free fa ll as behavior becomes unstable. The following model is developed from the above conclusion. The smallest circle illustrates the comfort zone, while the larger circle illustrates the optimal performance zone. Outside the two ovals is the danger zone that stress can lead an employee to. This illustrates that in a comfort zone, a slight increase in anxiety can bring an individual to a danger zone, however,

A Report Comparing Employee Salaries at Mama Mia and Pasta Roma Essay

A Report Comparing Employee Salaries at Mama Mia and Pasta Roma Restaurants - Essay Example While the two restaurants are largely similar in terms of products and services offered and thus requires similar efforts from their employees, observations seems to indicate that employees in the two restaurants do not enjoy comparable salaries. This report aims to investigate this issue and provide statistical evidence that would prove or disprove the comparability of salary packages awarded to the employees of the two restaurants. Procedure Information was gathered on the salaries that employees from the two restaurants receive. Upon collecting these data, they were subjected to statistical analysis using the appropriate computer software. Pertinent statistical data of interest regarding employee salaries were: Shape of the distribution, Mean, Median, Minimum value, Maximum value, Range, Lower quartile value (Q1), Upper quartile value (Q3), Semi-interquartile range (SIR), Standard deviation, and Total Salaries. In addition, the number of employees were also noted. The results are presented in Table 1 below. Findings Table 1. Summary of Descriptive Statistics on the Salaries of Mama Mia and Pasta Roma Employees.    MAMA MIA ROMA PASTA Shape of distribution Positively skewed Negatively skewed Mean salary PW ?550 ?553 Median salary PW ?470 ?540 Min ?199 ?450 Max ?901 ?800 Range ?702 ?350 Q1( lower quartile) ?300 ?510 Q3(upper quartile) ?670 ?590 SIR ?185 ?40 Standard deviation ?117 ?66 Number of employees 248 196 Total Salaries ?116560 ?105840 Discussion and Analysis of Results The mean salary of employees from Mama Mia was ?  550 per week while Roma Pasta employees earn an average of ?553 per week. However, since the distributions are skewed, the median is the best measure to use in describing the average salaries of the employees. Looking at the data, we see that fifty percent of Mama Mia employees earned less than ?470 per week while 50% of Roma Pasta employees earned less than ?540 per week. These values indicate that more Roma Pasta employees are getti ng higher salaries than Mama Mia employees. In addition, the salary range of Mama Mia employee salaries is ?702 with a minimum salary of ?199 and ?901 while the salary range of Pasta Roma employee salaries is ?350 with a minimum salary of ?450 and a maximum salary of ?800. A further look into the results indicate that Q1 or the lower quartile employees for Mama Mia’s earn ?300 while lower quartile employees for Pasta Roma earn ?510. This means that 25% of Mama Mia’s employees have salaries of less than ?300 while 25% of Pasta Roma employees have salaries of less than ?510. Considering that the minimum salary received by Pasta Roma employees is ?450, this result suggests that even low-level Pasta Roma employees are being paid better than the low-level Mama Mia’s employees. Furthermore, Q3 or employees belonging to the upper quartile for Mama Mia’s earn ?670 while employees belonging to the upper quartile for Pasta Roma earn ?590. This time, we notice that the upper level employees of Mama Mia’s are actually paid better than the upper level employees of Pasta Roma. Thus, the middle 50% of Mama Mia’s employees earn ? 300 - ? 670 while the middle 50% of Pasta Roma employees earn ?510 - ?590. Factoring in the semi-interquartile range (SIR) of both groups, we see that Mama Mia’s has a high dispersion of the middle 50% of salaries about the median, given at ?185, while Pasta Roma has a low dispersion of the middle 50% of salaries about the median, given at ?40. In addition, the standard deviation of ?117 indicates a large amount of dispersion about the mean for Mama Mia’s while the standard deviation of ?66 indicates a relatively smaller amount of dispers

Application Architecture Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Application Architecture - Case Study Example This is done using special Internet addresses that have been reserved for this purpose. These special addresses are invalid in the Internet itself. The hosts using these addresses may communicate among themselves, but they cannot access the Internet directly†. NAT In order to make it easy for the network administrator, the NAT translates all the personal and confidential IP addresses into inclusive IP addresses. This will require an incremental change devoid of host and routers modification. Furthermore, the NAT has its own drawbacks for instance; its performance is slow since each packet is processed before translating it. Therefore the ‘IP traceability’ also becomes complicated because data packets are hard to trace. 3 Tunneling Tunneling is also referred as port forwarding. Port forwarding is often used for establishing a secure data channel from head office to the remote office corporate network by utilizing the Internet. One of the methods for deploying a tunn eling protocol is to configure the WAN connection with port number along with allocation of the required service. For example, for accessing remote desktop for a payroll application, port number 3389 will be used with the service named as ‘RDP service’ along with the specific IP address of the computer. As discussed earlier, PPTP developed by Microsoft. Likewise, PPTP is required for transmitting encrypted data over the VPN. Besides, no data encryption is available on port forwarding configuration as compare to tunneling because every tunneling route needs to be defined. This may create complex configurations that are difficult to manage. 4 Access Control List In a router, firewall, multi-layer switches etc.; the Access Control List is characterized. If a data packet attempts to pass through a router, it will take in security rules and policies. In the same way, the user’s rights on the files and directories are identified related to the ACL operating system. In order to check quality, the files and folders are read, write and executed. Thus, the ACL offers security for the network data administration, system files and folders. 5 Sub Netting Sub netting is described in â€Å"document RFC 950, originally referred to the subdivision of a class-based network into sub networks, but now refers more generally to the subdivision of a CIDR block into smaller CIDR blocks† (Subnetting, n.d). In IPv4, a single subnet only encloses 254 assignable IP addresses. The issues related to the broadcast are always triggered, generating network congestion and disruption in services. Therefore, these IP addresses should be managed properly in order to control congestion. However, o overcome the above mentioned issues, the IP addresses are divided into smaller class C networks for better performance related to network management and security. In addition, to operate a corporate network, sub netting is needed in order to allocate private IP addresses to inb ound networks as the global IP addresses are limited. The global IP addresses can be configured on the bases of WAN (Wide Area Network) devices. 6 Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) The Virtual Local Are

Opportunities & Threats Essay Example for Free

Opportunities Threats Essay The changing demographics of the American population will provide Walgreens with several opportunities to increase their sales. By 2010, the American population over 50 years of age is expected to reach 95 million (SIC 5912, 2006). This increase in the number of elderly Americans will provide Walgreens with an increased demand for prescriptions and thepotential to increase sales and revenue in that category. The aging American population will greatly impact the pharmaceutical industry. In 2002, 30% of Walgreens’ prescriptions and 42% of prescription sales were derived from older Americans. Recent changes in Medicare plans allow Medicare participants to pay the same no matter where they shop, which will benefit not only Walgreens, but other companies that sell prescription medication, as well as the manufacturing companies of prescription drugs. This category is especially important as pharmacy sales rose 12% in the last quarter, significantly more than the 5. 2% increase in non-pharmacy sales (Miller, 2006). Prescription drugs currently constitute nearly 64% of Walgreens sales (Biesada, 2006). Despite this, Walgreens should also recognize the opportunities that lie in non-pharmacy related goods. Though Walgreens currently sells several goods other than prescription drugs, the overall company sales do not reflect successful sales in these categories. According to the National Association of Chain Drug Stores the greatest growth opportunity for stores like Walgreens is increasing non-pharmacy purchases that existing shoppers make. It is interesting to note that the number of customers shopping at drug stores is generally declining. Even so, the frequency of returning customers has risen. Customers often visit drug stores to fill prescriptions, but also purchase cosmetic products and over-the-counter drugs. These categories comprise 80% of purchases on these trips, but only 30% of these shoppers make impulse purchases. As such, Walgreens is presented with an incredible opportunity to increase sales revenue by using marketing strategies to increase the number of sales made for non-prescription drug products. In 2001, the average non-pharmacy drug store purchase was $19. 38. An additional $2. 00 for every purchase made would increase the average sales by nearly 10% (NACDS/American Greetings Research Council, 2002). Another opportunity for Walgreens that could potentially lead to company growth lies in expansion to international markets. Today, Walgreens remains a domestic corporation, and as such, its target market is limited only to residents of the United States. However, as the United States market becomes saturated, Walgreens has the opportunity to expand to other countries. Although cultural differences and government regulations may necessitate changes in the Walgreens’ product line and business practices in other countries, the quality service and products provided by Walgreens will be universally recognized and will help to ensure the company’s success. In choosing to expand internationally, Walgreens would be the pioneer and market leader, as its largest competitors, such as CVS, have yet to enter international markets. Due to the fact that the majority of Walgreens’ sales are derived from prescription drugs, intertype competitors are a large threat. In an effort to attract customers by providing a convenient, one-stop-shop, grocery store chains and discounters have ventured into the prescription drug market. Furthermore, the average American visits a grocery store 2. 2 times per week, but a drugstore only once a month (SIC 5912, 2006). Discounters such as Wal-Mart emphasize low cost, making it difficult for Walgreens to compete. These retailers also offer a broader range of products, and have a larger customer base. 138 million Americans shop at Wal-Mart every week and many may find it tempting to fill their prescriptions in the stores in which they already shop. Another threat to Walgreens is the rising cost of health care. The high cost of health care has motivated more and more people to search for lower cost alternatives outside of traditional drug stores. These include the purchase of prescription drugs over the internet, particularly from countries such as Canada, where they are less expensive. For example, of the top 100 branded prescription drugs in Canada and the United States, 93% were less expensive in Canada, and in Canada the average branded prescription drug costs 43% less than in the United States (Skinner, 2005). Furthermore, there is a shortage of pharmacists, which is an additional threat to the continued success of Walgreens. Studies estimate that there are currently 8,000 unfilled pharmacist positions and predict that there will be a shortage of 150,000 pharmacists by 2020. If Walgreens is unable to hire qualified pharmacists, the quality of service provided will definitely decrease, which will negatively impact the company’s sales. IV. Strategies Walgreens has traditionally followed an organic expansion strategy. This has recently changed through the acquisition by Walgreens of other companies such as Happy Harry’s and Mermark, a specialty pharmacy. (Walgreens Corporation, 2006). In order to exploit its opportunities and neutralize the threats, Walgreens must focus on customer convenience. The quality of service traditionally provided by Walgreens is what made it a household name, and the factor that distinguishes it from competitors. Improved and more frequent training of current Walgreens staff and changes to store design are ways in which Walgreens can provide a more convenient shopping experience to customers. Another strategy would be to improve Walgreens’ online services. This will not only allow Walgreens to expand to international markets, but will also reduce the need for pharmacists. Discounts and free shipping could be provided to online customers in order to allow Walgreens to be more competitive with other online drugstores. References: Biesada, A. (2006b). Walgreen Co. Hoovers. Retrieved May 16, 2009 from http://www. hoovers. com/walgreen/ID__11601/free-co-factsheet. xhtml Miller, J. P. (2006, September 26). Walgreens net climbs 25%; drug sales jump. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 16, 2009 from http://www. chicagotribune. com/business/chi- 0609260258sep26,1,5174751

The Paris Peace Conferences Justified History Essay

The Paris Peace Conferences Justified History Essay The relations between France and Germany up to the 21st century have never been outstanding. Ever since Napoleons domination of Germany, and Germanys later victories in their domination of France, the two countries have always been rivals with one another, to the point where they hated one another. In the decade prior to World War I, Germany had a massive buildup of military strength. When World War I began however, Germany seemed to be stuck up against all of Europe. Their defeat in the war spurred the creation of the Treaty of Versailles, a treaty directed at the losers of the war, that was greatly influenced by their enemy, France. Frances aims during the discussion of the treaty during the post war peace conferences were evidently the intent of crippling Germany until they would never be able to rise up as a threatening power in Europe. This statement seems one sided at first, but through further analysis, I found Frances thoughts and situation at the time to be justifiable to so me extent, and that their cruelty towards Germany understandable. I have therefore decided to investigate just how much of Frances aims towards Germany can be justified by their fear of Germany invasion, and a sense of national security. This paper will analyze acts of aggression between France and Germany prior to the peace conferences after the war, and uncover the extent of the hate between the two countries. Because the peace conferences consisted of multiple European personalities, including Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America, a number of their mindsets at the time will be analyzed. This analysis will allow for a further look into Germanys mental position in the minds of European leaders at the time. The specific points of the treaty will also be assessed in whether or not they follow through with Frances situation at the time, and their necessities. Through all of this analysis, it was found that Frances aims towards Germany were justifiable, in that Frances proximity of German territory evoked fear and a want for heightened security against Germany. Germany had invaded France many times, and each time had been complete domination, so their fear of German strength was understandable at the time. However, at the same time, there were some French aims that seemed to be abuses of their power over Germany after World War I, such as their confiscation of many natural resources including the German Saar Mines, and the massive reparations Germany was forced to pay. Introduction It was evident, ever since the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, that France and Germany had tensions that had the potential to catalyze a future war between not only them, but the entire world. The initial rule of Napoleon ruined future relations with Germany, with his conquest of all of the German states into his French Empire, and the forceful conversion of the German states into those of France. Along with the Franco-Prussian War, and the German annexation of Frances Alsace-Lorraine, a French state that consisted of all French peoples  [1]  , the hate that France had for Germany was unimaginable, and the brutal war debt that Germany forced France to pay certainly didnt mitigate the tensions. Prior to World War I, Germany was undoubtedly the only country that had military strength rivalling that of Great Britains, and this gave reason for the French to fear German invasion, because they did not stand a chance against the overwhelming military strength of Germany. World War I how ever, was a turning point in the balance of powers in Europe, and as a result of Germanys defeat to the Allied countries of France, Britain, and Russia  [2]  , Germany was ultimately placed into Frances position pre-World War I. It was during this time that France felt a sense of control and power over Germany, and it seemed that they wished to utilize this newfound power to implement the long awaited revenge they had for Germany since the 1800s, to be done during the post-World War I peace conferences, and namely the Treaty of Versailles. The conference for the discussion of this treaty was organized by Woodrow Wilson, the democratic President of the United States, who hoped that the shape of Germany and the successor states in central and eastern Europe would be clearer, to ensure a sustainable peace in Europe.  [3]  The members of the Allied winners  [4]  , feeling more antagonistic, felt that Germanys terms of defeat, fate of its colonies, indemnities, military limit s, and reparations, should be implemented upon them without actual conference nor discussion with Germany themselves, because they were clearly the loser of the war.  [5]  This aim was most apparent in Clemenceau, the Prime minister of France at the time, who saw Germany as a permanent enemy, and knew that France was not the lone victor of the war  [6]  . He, along with all of France, had experienced multiple German invasions and feared that Germany could start another war, and France would be its first target, due to the proximity of both countries. These fears were spread to its allies, and as a result, Germany had restricted military numbers in soldiers and vehicles, large amounts of land confiscated, and unlimited reparations  [7]  to pay. Germany was crippled to the point where not only could they not start another war, but also being on the verge of collapse. It is arguable that France was justified in their aims of the treaty for their own and national security, b ut was this massive amount of restrictions just an abuse of power for revenge? This paper will argue that Frances aims were bent on revenge for Germanys superiority in Europe prior to World War I, but will also give a discussion for other factors such as national security, and a fear for Germany, that may have influenced their offensive position towards Germany during the post-World War I peace conferences. Franco-German Relations Pre-World War I Even when Germany didnt formally exist, but existed as the country of Prussia, France never had good relations with the Germans, which is especially evident during the rule of Napoleon during the 19th century. During this time, he invaded Germany multiple times, and after the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in October 14, 1806  [8]  , Napoleon converted the divided thirty-nine German-speaking states into his Confederation of the Rhine, and destroyed the former Holy Roman Empire that ruled over Germany. A treaty that Napoleon implemented onto Prussia as a result of their victory in this battle was the treaties of Tilsit  [9]  , which resulted in large reparations owed to France by Prussia, and stripped them of almost half of their owned territory. Anger in the German states because of this defeat evoked German nationalism in later generations in these states, views in opposition of France domination, and Napoleons rule  [10]  . During this time, one of the most hated views of Fra nce was that under Napoleons rule, the monarchs of the German states were referred to as his vassals, and all the German states were just part of the French empire  [11]  . Being conquered by France, Germanys initial view on France was a hostile one, and posed a rocky road for future relations between the two countries. At this point, France had been the dominant power in Europe, towering over all of the European countries, especially Germany. The control that France had during this time may have angered the envious Germany, giving them a mind set on reorganizing the balance of power in Europe, with France at the bottom. However, with Napoleons unstoppable empire at Frances borders, the Germans would seek their revenge later after Napoleons fall of power, in the Franco-Prussian War. The Franco-Prussian war in the 1870s between France, ruled by Napoleon the 3rd (Napoleons son), and the Kingdom of Prussia, ruled by Otto von Bismarck, ended in the defeat of Frances second empire, and a laid foundation for Germany as a significant power in Europe. This meant more than a great victory over France for Prussia, but also the unification of its states with itself being the capital, into one unified Germany in 1871  [12]  . Frances defeat in this war also meant the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, a French city that was purely Francophone, but forcibly taken under German control. The German annexation of this particular state was guaranteed to make France a permanent enemy, and at the time even Bismarck knew this and opposed the annexation, but was overruled by his general (General Moltke) insisting it was necessary as a defensive barrier.  [13]  The indemnity that was imposed on France after this war, was identical to the amount that Napoleon charged on Prus sia during his rule, which portrays the mindset of revenge that Germany had for France, because they wanted France to experience the same suffering that was imposed on them by France. With their faltered relations leading up to World War 1, it seemed as though the anger towards the other country would not end here, as there were acts of blatant aggression from Germany towards France that later became the actual beginnings of the war. For instance, the Schlieffen Plan of the early 20th century must be addressed, a historical event that was the catalyst for the First World War. This plan called for German troops to invade France through the neutral country of Belgium, and assume domination of French troops, then immediately turn around and defeat Russian troops on their East side, in order to consecutively engage troops from two countries  [14]  . The organization and follow through of this plan portrays the overzealousness of Germany, and their overestimation of their control over Europe, possibly because of their domination by Napoleons enormous army back in the 1800s. Even though the entire plan was flawed, due to the need for the German army to fight two con secutive battles against two different countries with no rest, there was one particular flaw that questions the thoughts Germany had at the time. The plan was originally created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen, and modified by General Molkte, as mentioned previously. The flaw was that in order to cross over to France undetected, the German army was required to march through the neutral country of Belgium, whom was in an alliance (London Treaty of 1839) with Great Britain at the time. Their invasion of Belgium caused Britain to immediately declare war on Germany, which was the start of the war. According to German records, Germany was completely aware of this alliance, but didnt believe Britain would honor their treaty with Belgium and retaliate, a major mistake on their part  [15]  . They were surprised to hear that, The Britons will go to war for a mere scrap of paper.  [16]  Although this particular flaw in German logic can be blamed on ignorance, this ignorance was arguabl y as a result of their desire to invade France, without any setbacks, which furthers the view of German-Franco hatred prior to the War. Aggression between France and Germany during World War 1 The anger towards one another between Germany and France was one of the main contributors to the war, but these feelings didnt end with the declaration of war in Europe. Throughout the course of the World War (1914-1918), it was evident through the acts of aggression from both countries, that Germany and Frances hate for one another was everlasting. One of the first major battles of World War I, on the Western Front, was the Battle of Verdun in 1916, where Germany forced France into a battle of attrition on a French city called Verdun  [17]  . A German general by the name of General Falkenhayn, saw this ancient stronghold as a vulnerable target. His strategy was to continually bombard Verdun with heavy artillery shells, and this would divert Frances attention here, thus drawing them away from the Western Front, to Verdun. This plan, he believed, would bleed France dry of troops, and win the war  [18]  . The outcome was as he had planned, with French soldiers forming a defensive position, but unaware that they were vulnerable to German attacks from all sides simultaneously. The two sides were composed of two million German attackers against two hundred thousand French defenders, however France kept sending in reinforcements, which just ended in more casualties on the French side. France suffered considerably more casualti es and deaths than Germany did.  [19]  Although this strategy of attacking Verdun and forcing a battle of attrition was a cruel act, it is arguable that because the alliances of the war were favored towards France anyways (Triple Entente), Germany had no other choice but to use such tactics to gain an edge over the war. Another arguable point revolves around the already evident German relations with France. This particular act could very possibly be another unveiling of Germanys overwhelming power onto France, and by angering France by attacking one of their most precious ancient strongholds, Germany gave France a reason to be more grim and merciless in future encounters, namely the peace conferences when the war ends, and defeat was handed to Germany by the Triple Entente Alliance. Prelude to the Treaty of Versailles When World War 1 was over, and Germany was declared the loser, and the Allies the victors, preparations were set to create a sustainable peace in Europe, and to make sure a war of the same magnitude was prevented at all costs. This fight for peace was led by Woodrow Wilson, the democratic president of the United States since 1912  [20]  . Along with him, there were several other European leaders who joined the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. These personalities were Lloyd George of Britain, Clemenceau of France, Orlando of Italy, and of Wilson himself. Each leader had a separate view of how the peace treaty should have proceeded, and the kind of peace they wanted. Woodrow Wilson Wilsons perspective on European peace was expressed through his famous Fourteen Points. His points specifically demanded the end of all secret treaties (to prevent incidents like the Schlieffen Plan), freedom of the seas, removal of barriers and discrepancies in international trade, the reduction of weapons by all powers, even land distribution, evacuation of occupied territory, a redrawing of European boundaries along borders, and an international organization with a task of solely preventing war (To be called the League of Nations)  [21]  . In Wilsons point of view, he wanted to create a new type of treaty, because he believed that it was the old treaties that focused on policies of power, secret deals that excluded mention to the victimized countries, and the creation of secret alliances made between countries  [22]  . These were significant factors that led to the first world war, and Wilson wished to reform these kinds of treaties to avoid another war. However, Wilsons F ourteen Points had much difficulty in being accepted by the Allies, because each country had a different idea of peace, and how it was to be attained. Specifically, each of the Allies had a grudge for Germany, either because of its military presence during the war, or from past relations. At the end of the war, Germany accepted an armistice in preparation for upcoming peace treaties because their initial belief was that the Treaty of Versailles was to be created on the basis of Wilsons proposed Fourteen Points, with only minor modifications  [23]  . As well, because Germany was coming under a new rule of socialistic and democratic perspectives after having overthrown their current Kaiser, they had a belief that this new democratic Germany would be treated considerably by the victorious Allies, because they would re-emerge into Europe as a new Germany  [24]  . The Allies had a considerably different perspective towards Germany, after its previous accomplishments and increase in power, and being unaware, Germany accepted the Armistice of 11 November 1918  [25]  . Demands of the Allies with the Treaty of Versailles Lloyd George of Britain Germany was arguably the most hated country during World War I, because it was the enemy of the Triple Entente, but primarily because of its enormous increasing military powers. Germanys naval power was imminent when it became Great Britains top rival in the National Arms Race  [26]  , where countries raced to construct a greater amount of weapons to show military superiority. Britain was originally the richest country with a veto over naval warfare, with all countries not daring to fight with Britain in sea battles. However, with Germanys dramatic increase in power prior to World War 1, Britain lost their control over the seas, because although the numbers of ships they had were greater, Germanys naval power was great enough to rival that of Britains  [27]  . After the war, to consolidate their power over the seas once more, Britain wished to remove Germany from naval warfare, and the treaties they had control over gave them the authority to do so. Observing the demands Geor ge had against Germany and the reasons for their weak relations, seems only because Britain was envious of increasing German strength, and wanted to uphold their previous title of the most feared naval force in Europe. Georges Clemenceau of France France had placed Germany on the top of their list of hated and feared countries, with reasons as mentioned earlier, such as the earlier German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, which they demanded be returned at the Paris Peace Conference, and the complete domination of France by Germany during the Franco-Prussian war  [28]  . But the most evident reason was their argument that most of the war had been fought on their soil, and they demanded that Germany pay for all the damages done. At the time, there was no numerical total, but it was certain that the amount in damages that Germany had to pay was well over nine trillion francs, a sum that even Clemenceau himself said, would lead to nothing practical,  [29]  meaning that this sum of money France was demanding wasnt solely because of the damages, but with a motive to cripple Germanys economy as well. Clemenceau also insisted on their demand for security against Germany, claiming that if Germany retained ownership of their lands , enough support could start another war. However, his paranoia for security from Germany has evidence, because having seen two German invasions of France during his rule, and being dominated in both of these, Clemenceau knew full well that France was not the lone victor of the war, but rather the Allies as a whole. Because Germany almost directly borders France, it seemed understandable that Clemenceau would be so desperate for a greater sense of security from Germany. France proposed to cut down Germany to almost French size, that the west parts of the Rhine be set up as independent states under the Allies control. (The land that was taken away from Germany can be found in the appendix). If not for the rejection of the request by Wilson and Lloyd George, this confiscation of land would have been approved. Clemenceau battled the rejection, but failed and agreed to put down his request on the condition that Britain and the USA would immediately come to their aid if Germany were to l aunch an attack on France. As well, instead of the control of the Rhineland, Clemenceau proposed the demilitarization of it instead. This alternate suggestion seems justifiable, in that France craved national security, because the Rhineland was indeed a direct border between France and Germany, and if Germany stationed troops in this area, France could be in danger of an attack. However, Frances demand for the confiscation of Germanys Saar coal-mines seems to be a far stretch from security. A large portion of Germanys income came from the export of coal from these mines, and without them, the amount of reparations France set on Germany would be almost unattainable, along with the economic setbacks on Germany as a result of restrictions on its economy in the treaty. These mines, along with the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France, a small strip of Schleswig to neutral Denmark, and two tiny districts Eupen and Malmedy, to Belgium were the only territorial losses that Germany suffered f rom their loss of the war, which is relatively small and modest, considering the magnitude of their loss. Clemenceaus desire to maximize the amount of power to be taken away from Germany, even if not all of their proposals were accepted by the Allies, seemed to be solely to fulfill a sense of security from a country that was directly bordering the Rhineland and had the likelihood of invading France at any time if the opportunity was available. End Result of the Treaty of Versailles The demands in reparations that the Allies placed on Germany were massive, and as mentioned, was well over any kind of sum Germany could afford to pay. The only possible way for Germany to come up with such a sum would be from export profits. This course of action would however, compete and interfere with the Big Fours economies. This economic reasoning was ignored by the Allies, because of their mind being set on repaying their enormous debts to the USA at the time. They regarded the debt they forced onto Germany as simply another means of righting their wrongs and of putting off the danger of a German revival.  [30]  When the Treaty of Versailles was completed in May 1919 and ready to sign, the Germans initially refused, due to obvious reasons of unjust conditions. The Allies threatened Germany with hostile action in response to their refusal, and this threat caused chaos in Berlin due to conflicting perspectives. The Germans knew that there was no possible way to retaliate aga inst the victors of the war, with their damaged and insufficient army, but every German citizen (and the Allies) knew that the conditions were completely absurd and meant to collapse Germany into a state where it was impossible to revive itself, rather than simply the pursuit of peace, as initially proposed by Wilson in his Fourteen Points but later rejected by the sheer influential power of the maddened Allies. Wilson was willing to abdicate to the demands of the Allies, in return for the acceptance of his proposal of a League of Nations (Germany was excluded however). The League of Nations was formed at Geneva during the Paris Peace Conference, but the United States didnt join ironically even though Wilson suggested it, nor did Germany until 1926, or Russia until 1934. The Official Treaty of Versailles was completed in three months. During its process, the Germans did not have the right to make or suggest decisions, and the Russians were not present during the making of the treaty . According to Wilson, the formation of the League of Nations was supposedly made to adjudicate international relations and be a means to solve problems between international powers. It is arguable that the systems only purpose seemed to be for maintaining the status quo in powers, in favor of France and Britain, and the exclusion and isolation of Germany, which was completely contrary to Wilsons initial proposal. Conclusion: Germany, prior to World War I, was one of the most feared and hated powers by France along with its Allied countries. During the era of Napoleons rule of Germany in the 19th century, Germany had been near the bottom in the balance of powers in Europe. With Napoleons domination of Europe at the time, Germany was inevitably one of the targets for his invasions to conquer all of Europe. Under his rule, Germany felt like a useless French state, and vowed to seek revenge on France. When Napoleon was defeated, Germany took this fantastic news as a turning point in their position of power, by dramatically increasing their military strength to the point where they rivaled Britain in the Arms Race. Germany put their newly built army on display during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, ensuring the defeat of France, and the result of their victory was the annexation of the French state of Alsace-Lorraine, a large factor of Frances hate for Germany in their later encounters. However at the same t ime, Germanys presentation of their massive buildup of military strength evoked fear in France at the same time, because an invasion from Germany could happen at any time, considering the proximity between the two countries. The defeat of Germany by the Triple Entente Alliance in World War I, gave France a chance to revert their fear of Germany, because with their influential power in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the creation of the Treaty of Versailles, France being one of the victors, could impose almost any amount of reparations and restrictions on Germany as they felt necessary. Clemenceaus fear of Germany was still evident during this time, because he wished to cripple Germany to the point of no revival. Frances hate for Germany, as well as their fear of them, were significant factors to Frances aims for crippling Germany in the Treaty of Versailles. The question is which one was the main contributor? With further research, it is possible to find the answer to this question. With the current evidence, it seems reasonable that France had the same mindset as Germany had after their buildup of power. 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