Outcrops versus Exposures, an Essay

The terms geologists use to describe bedrock thats available for the hammer are two: exposures and outcrops. Exposure covers all cases, whereas outcrop is used for an exposure that is natural. The faces sculpted on Mount Rushmore are exposures, but Mount Rushmore itself is an outcrop. The subtler shades of meaning of these two words reflect their deepest roots. Rock Outcrops The first people to call themselves geologists, about 200 years ago, visited mines and talked to lots of miners. In England, the miners used the words cropping or cropping out to describe rocks showing themselves above the ground or mineral seams unearthed in a mine. These are ancient words: the verb crop goes back to Old English and beyond; it means to grow or swell. Today we still use the archaic form of the verb in to crop up, meaning to emerge and to crop out, in speaking of rocks. To the miners, an active process of growth and emergence, even a vital force, was implicit in their word outcrop. The early geologists, who wrote for polite audiences, made a point of noting that cropping out and outcrops were miners slang, not educated English. Miners have always been superstitious people with magical beliefs, and the notion of rocks growing was a clear sign that they saw the underground as an active, living place. Geologists were bent on avoiding all taint of the supernatural, even in their figurative language. But the terminology stuck, and as geology became popular in the mid-1800s outcrop soon entered the everyday language as a noun and, inevitably, a verb derived from it (along with outcropping, a noun derived from that derived verb). Careful users of geological terminology retain crop out as the verb and outcrop as the noun deriving from it: we say, Rocks crop out in outcrops. But even the professional literature has many instances of outcrop used as a verb, and outcropping has a place today when the point is to be decidedly casual. Rock Exposures Exposure is a noun based on the verb expose, to reveal or uncover, which has its origin in Latin and came to us through French. Its root meaning in Latin is to bring forth. We still feel this sense when we speak of a rock exposure in a roadcut or quarry face or building foundation, where the bedrock is actively brought forth by human activity. We have a strong sense as geologists that bedrock forms deep underground. Thus wherever bedrock appears at the Earths surface, something must have removed an overburden to reveal it. The rock just lay there the whole time. Whether it was erosion or bulldozers that did the removing, a passive process of unroofing or exhumation is implicit in the word exposure. Niceties and Ironies Whether a body of rock looks like it grew out of the ground (outcrop) or was uncovered (exposure) would seem to make no difference and many geologists make no distinction but we think the two terms have subtle connotations. Outcrops are natural, but exposures need not be. An outcrop should have a rounded, organic look while an exposure should be more chiseled. An outcrop should protrude whereas an exposure may be flat or concave. An outcrop offers itself; exposure grudges being opened to inspection. Exposures reveal petrology; outcrops show personality. But the miners in their centuries of observation and lore intuited something true: ore veins and granite dikes are clearly invaders of the older rocks they occupy. These things did rise and swell upward from below; their shape implies their process they do grow. Cropping was just the right word. Geologists recognized this too, but unlike the miners, they came to understand that the activity happened and ended an unimaginably long time ago. The miners beliefs in subterranean actions and agents their imps and pixies and tricksters arise naturally from human psychology in the underground setting. We also have a large class of rocks and lavas that do in fact grow on the Earths surface. Lava emerges from the Earth and lies there naked, shaped by its own energies. Are lavas outcrops or exposures? The geologist calls them neither, preferring the more specific words flow, bed, pillow. If pressed, the geologist might well choose exposure as the more neutral term. Lava formations dont have the look of something coming out from under the soil; instead, the soil gradually grows upon them. So perhaps there is a case to make that outcrops refer only to formerly buried bedrock (which would imply that lava is not bedrock). As erosion exposes and gently sculpts the rocks, their details emerge on their skin: variations in hardness and texture, fractures and joints, weathering pits and resistant strata. The outcrops take on character. The irony is that the body of rock that looks most organic and alive is, in fact, the most passive.

Outcrops versus Exposures, an Essay

The terms geologists use to describe bedrock thats available for the hammer are two: exposures and outcrops. Exposure covers all cases, whereas outcrop is used for an exposure that is natural. The faces sculpted on Mount Rushmore are exposures, but Mount Rushmore itself is an outcrop. The subtler shades of meaning of these two words reflect their deepest roots. Rock Outcrops The first people to call themselves geologists, about 200 years ago, visited mines and talked to lots of miners. In England, the miners used the words cropping or cropping out to describe rocks showing themselves above the ground or mineral seams unearthed in a mine. These are ancient words: the verb crop goes back to Old English and beyond; it means to grow or swell. Today we still use the archaic form of the verb in to crop up, meaning to emerge and to crop out, in speaking of rocks. To the miners, an active process of growth and emergence, even a vital force, was implicit in their word outcrop. The early geologists, who wrote for polite audiences, made a point of noting that cropping out and outcrops were miners slang, not educated English. Miners have always been superstitious people with magical beliefs, and the notion of rocks growing was a clear sign that they saw the underground as an active, living place. Geologists were bent on avoiding all taint of the supernatural, even in their figurative language. But the terminology stuck, and as geology became popular in the mid-1800s outcrop soon entered the everyday language as a noun and, inevitably, a verb derived from it (along with outcropping, a noun derived from that derived verb). Careful users of geological terminology retain crop out as the verb and outcrop as the noun deriving from it: we say, Rocks crop out in outcrops. But even the professional literature has many instances of outcrop used as a verb, and outcropping has a place today when the point is to be decidedly casual. Rock Exposures Exposure is a noun based on the verb expose, to reveal or uncover, which has its origin in Latin and came to us through French. Its root meaning in Latin is to bring forth. We still feel this sense when we speak of a rock exposure in a roadcut or quarry face or building foundation, where the bedrock is actively brought forth by human activity. We have a strong sense as geologists that bedrock forms deep underground. Thus wherever bedrock appears at the Earths surface, something must have removed an overburden to reveal it. The rock just lay there the whole time. Whether it was erosion or bulldozers that did the removing, a passive process of unroofing or exhumation is implicit in the word exposure. Niceties and Ironies Whether a body of rock looks like it grew out of the ground (outcrop) or was uncovered (exposure) would seem to make no difference and many geologists make no distinction but we think the two terms have subtle connotations. Outcrops are natural, but exposures need not be. An outcrop should have a rounded, organic look while an exposure should be more chiseled. An outcrop should protrude whereas an exposure may be flat or concave. An outcrop offers itself; exposure grudges being opened to inspection. Exposures reveal petrology; outcrops show personality. But the miners in their centuries of observation and lore intuited something true: ore veins and granite dikes are clearly invaders of the older rocks they occupy. These things did rise and swell upward from below; their shape implies their process they do grow. Cropping was just the right word. Geologists recognized this too, but unlike the miners, they came to understand that the activity happened and ended an unimaginably long time ago. The miners beliefs in subterranean actions and agents their imps and pixies and tricksters arise naturally from human psychology in the underground setting. We also have a large class of rocks and lavas that do in fact grow on the Earths surface. Lava emerges from the Earth and lies there naked, shaped by its own energies. Are lavas outcrops or exposures? The geologist calls them neither, preferring the more specific words flow, bed, pillow. If pressed, the geologist might well choose exposure as the more neutral term. Lava formations dont have the look of something coming out from under the soil; instead, the soil gradually grows upon them. So perhaps there is a case to make that outcrops refer only to formerly buried bedrock (which would imply that lava is not bedrock). As erosion exposes and gently sculpts the rocks, their details emerge on their skin: variations in hardness and texture, fractures and joints, weathering pits and resistant strata. The outcrops take on character. The irony is that the body of rock that looks most organic and alive is, in fact, the most passive.

Outcrops versus Exposures, an Essay

The terms geologists use to describe bedrock thats available for the hammer are two: exposures and outcrops. Exposure covers all cases, whereas outcrop is used for an exposure that is natural. The faces sculpted on Mount Rushmore are exposures, but Mount Rushmore itself is an outcrop. The subtler shades of meaning of these two words reflect their deepest roots. Rock Outcrops The first people to call themselves geologists, about 200 years ago, visited mines and talked to lots of miners. In England, the miners used the words cropping or cropping out to describe rocks showing themselves above the ground or mineral seams unearthed in a mine. These are ancient words: the verb crop goes back to Old English and beyond; it means to grow or swell. Today we still use the archaic form of the verb in to crop up, meaning to emerge and to crop out, in speaking of rocks. To the miners, an active process of growth and emergence, even a vital force, was implicit in their word outcrop. The early geologists, who wrote for polite audiences, made a point of noting that cropping out and outcrops were miners slang, not educated English. Miners have always been superstitious people with magical beliefs, and the notion of rocks growing was a clear sign that they saw the underground as an active, living place. Geologists were bent on avoiding all taint of the supernatural, even in their figurative language. But the terminology stuck, and as geology became popular in the mid-1800s outcrop soon entered the everyday language as a noun and, inevitably, a verb derived from it (along with outcropping, a noun derived from that derived verb). Careful users of geological terminology retain crop out as the verb and outcrop as the noun deriving from it: we say, Rocks crop out in outcrops. But even the professional literature has many instances of outcrop used as a verb, and outcropping has a place today when the point is to be decidedly casual. Rock Exposures Exposure is a noun based on the verb expose, to reveal or uncover, which has its origin in Latin and came to us through French. Its root meaning in Latin is to bring forth. We still feel this sense when we speak of a rock exposure in a roadcut or quarry face or building foundation, where the bedrock is actively brought forth by human activity. We have a strong sense as geologists that bedrock forms deep underground. Thus wherever bedrock appears at the Earths surface, something must have removed an overburden to reveal it. The rock just lay there the whole time. Whether it was erosion or bulldozers that did the removing, a passive process of unroofing or exhumation is implicit in the word exposure. Niceties and Ironies Whether a body of rock looks like it grew out of the ground (outcrop) or was uncovered (exposure) would seem to make no difference and many geologists make no distinction but we think the two terms have subtle connotations. Outcrops are natural, but exposures need not be. An outcrop should have a rounded, organic look while an exposure should be more chiseled. An outcrop should protrude whereas an exposure may be flat or concave. An outcrop offers itself; exposure grudges being opened to inspection. Exposures reveal petrology; outcrops show personality. But the miners in their centuries of observation and lore intuited something true: ore veins and granite dikes are clearly invaders of the older rocks they occupy. These things did rise and swell upward from below; their shape implies their process they do grow. Cropping was just the right word. Geologists recognized this too, but unlike the miners, they came to understand that the activity happened and ended an unimaginably long time ago. The miners beliefs in subterranean actions and agents their imps and pixies and tricksters arise naturally from human psychology in the underground setting. We also have a large class of rocks and lavas that do in fact grow on the Earths surface. Lava emerges from the Earth and lies there naked, shaped by its own energies. Are lavas outcrops or exposures? The geologist calls them neither, preferring the more specific words flow, bed, pillow. If pressed, the geologist might well choose exposure as the more neutral term. Lava formations dont have the look of something coming out from under the soil; instead, the soil gradually grows upon them. So perhaps there is a case to make that outcrops refer only to formerly buried bedrock (which would imply that lava is not bedrock). As erosion exposes and gently sculpts the rocks, their details emerge on their skin: variations in hardness and texture, fractures and joints, weathering pits and resistant strata. The outcrops take on character. The irony is that the body of rock that looks most organic and alive is, in fact, the most passive.

Outcrops versus Exposures, an Essay

The terms geologists use to describe bedrock thats available for the hammer are two: exposures and outcrops. Exposure covers all cases, whereas outcrop is used for an exposure that is natural. The faces sculpted on Mount Rushmore are exposures, but Mount Rushmore itself is an outcrop. The subtler shades of meaning of these two words reflect their deepest roots. Rock Outcrops The first people to call themselves geologists, about 200 years ago, visited mines and talked to lots of miners. In England, the miners used the words cropping or cropping out to describe rocks showing themselves above the ground or mineral seams unearthed in a mine. These are ancient words: the verb crop goes back to Old English and beyond; it means to grow or swell. Today we still use the archaic form of the verb in to crop up, meaning to emerge and to crop out, in speaking of rocks. To the miners, an active process of growth and emergence, even a vital force, was implicit in their word outcrop. The early geologists, who wrote for polite audiences, made a point of noting that cropping out and outcrops were miners slang, not educated English. Miners have always been superstitious people with magical beliefs, and the notion of rocks growing was a clear sign that they saw the underground as an active, living place. Geologists were bent on avoiding all taint of the supernatural, even in their figurative language. But the terminology stuck, and as geology became popular in the mid-1800s outcrop soon entered the everyday language as a noun and, inevitably, a verb derived from it (along with outcropping, a noun derived from that derived verb). Careful users of geological terminology retain crop out as the verb and outcrop as the noun deriving from it: we say, Rocks crop out in outcrops. But even the professional literature has many instances of outcrop used as a verb, and outcropping has a place today when the point is to be decidedly casual. Rock Exposures Exposure is a noun based on the verb expose, to reveal or uncover, which has its origin in Latin and came to us through French. Its root meaning in Latin is to bring forth. We still feel this sense when we speak of a rock exposure in a roadcut or quarry face or building foundation, where the bedrock is actively brought forth by human activity. We have a strong sense as geologists that bedrock forms deep underground. Thus wherever bedrock appears at the Earths surface, something must have removed an overburden to reveal it. The rock just lay there the whole time. Whether it was erosion or bulldozers that did the removing, a passive process of unroofing or exhumation is implicit in the word exposure. Niceties and Ironies Whether a body of rock looks like it grew out of the ground (outcrop) or was uncovered (exposure) would seem to make no difference and many geologists make no distinction but we think the two terms have subtle connotations. Outcrops are natural, but exposures need not be. An outcrop should have a rounded, organic look while an exposure should be more chiseled. An outcrop should protrude whereas an exposure may be flat or concave. An outcrop offers itself; exposure grudges being opened to inspection. Exposures reveal petrology; outcrops show personality. But the miners in their centuries of observation and lore intuited something true: ore veins and granite dikes are clearly invaders of the older rocks they occupy. These things did rise and swell upward from below; their shape implies their process they do grow. Cropping was just the right word. Geologists recognized this too, but unlike the miners, they came to understand that the activity happened and ended an unimaginably long time ago. The miners beliefs in subterranean actions and agents their imps and pixies and tricksters arise naturally from human psychology in the underground setting. We also have a large class of rocks and lavas that do in fact grow on the Earths surface. Lava emerges from the Earth and lies there naked, shaped by its own energies. Are lavas outcrops or exposures? The geologist calls them neither, preferring the more specific words flow, bed, pillow. If pressed, the geologist might well choose exposure as the more neutral term. Lava formations dont have the look of something coming out from under the soil; instead, the soil gradually grows upon them. So perhaps there is a case to make that outcrops refer only to formerly buried bedrock (which would imply that lava is not bedrock). As erosion exposes and gently sculpts the rocks, their details emerge on their skin: variations in hardness and texture, fractures and joints, weathering pits and resistant strata. The outcrops take on character. The irony is that the body of rock that looks most organic and alive is, in fact, the most passive.

The Greatest Thinker Of The 20th Century - 1655 Words

Einstein Albert Abraham Einstein. It is a name we all know, the name of, perhaps, the greatest thinker of the 20th century. He revolutionized the world with his thinking, not just in physics, but also in philosophy, ethics, and religion. In 2000, he was named Time Magazine’s â€Å"Person of the Century†. That alone can tell you how much Einstein affected the way one sees the world. He changed the world so much, that his formulas and hypotheses are held as the foundation for modern science. Every great scientist has a backstory. A tale of how he or she was brought up or raised and the hardships they faced to get where they needed to go. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14th in 1879. His parents were from ordinary. Hermann and†¦show more content†¦It was this quality that helped him become a great scientist. When Einstein was five, he became fascinated by his father s pocket compass, intrigued by invisible forces that cause the needle always to point north. Later in life, Einstein will look back at this moment as the genesis of his interest in science. Growing up, young Albert took music lessons, playing both violin and piano; stoking a passion for music that he maintained throughout his life. He once said that had he not been a scientist, he would have been a musician. â€Å"Life without playing music is inconceivable for me,† he declared. â€Å"I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music†¦I get most joy in life o ut of music.† Einstein’s mother, Pauline, was a talented pianist who brought music to life in the family home. Albert began to learn the violin at the age of six, while his family was still living in Munich. His violin remained his constant companion. Just before his 17th birthday Albert played at a music examination in the cantonal school. The inspector reported that â€Å"a student called Einstein shone in a deeply felt performance of an adagio from one of the Beethoven sonatas†. In addition to his skill on the violin, he also played the piano, though he was not as talented or as fascinated with it as he was the violin. Albert had a little bit of a rough life. The Einstein family moved from Germany to Italy in search of better work because they were struggling financially. Albert, aged

10 Interesting Facts About DNA

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid codes for your genetic make-up. There are lots of facts about DNA, but here are 10 that are particularly interesting, important, or fun. Key Takeaways: DNA Facts DNA is the acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid.DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acids the code for genetic information.DNA is a double-helix molecule built from four nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Even though it codes for all the information that makes up an organism, DNA is built using only four building blocks, the nucleotides adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine.Every human being shares 99% of their DNA with every other human.If you put all the DNA molecules in your body end to end, the DNA would reach from the Earth to the Sun and back over 600 times (100 trillion times six feet divided by 92 million miles).A parent and child share 99.5% of the same DNA.You have 98% of your DNA in common with a chimpanzee.If you could type 60 words per minute, eight hours a day, it would take approximately 50 years to type the human genome.DNA is a fragile molecule. About a thousand times a day, something happens to it to cause errors. This could include errors during transcription, damage from ultraviolet light, or any of a host of other activities. There are many repair mechanisms, but some damage isnt repaired. This means you carry mutations! Some of the mutations cause no harm, a fe w are helpful, while others can cause diseases, such as cancer. A new technology called CRISPR could allow us to edit genomes, which might lead us to the cure of such mutations as cancer,  Alzheimers  and, theoretically, any disease with a genetic component.Scientists at Cambridge University believe humans have DNA in common with the mud worm and that it is the closest invertebrate genetic relative to us. In other words, you have more in common, genetically speaking, with a mud worm than you do with a spider or octopus or cockroach.Humans and cabbage share about 40-50% common DNA.Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA in 1869, although scientists did not understand DNA was the genetic material in cells until 1943. Prior to that time, it was widely believed that proteins stored genetic information.

Historiography of the Reconstruction Era - 2240 Words

Riham Elshazli Professor Clement Price Civil War and the Reconstruction 12/11/12 Historiography of the Reconstruction Era At a time when America was trying to piece itself back together, the Reconstruction Era is one of the most important chapters in history. It is also, however, one of the most debated. After the Civil War, the South was devastated and thousands of freed slaves needed to be integrated into society. When Andrew Johnson took office, he was moderate in his views as to what should happen to restore order to the United States. However, some Republicans had other plans in mind. They wanted to impose harsher terms and used Congress to do so, justly giving them the name Radical Republicans. Opinions about this time period have†¦show more content†¦Dunning’s work popularized derogatory terms such as â€Å"carpetbagger† and â€Å"scalawag.† Soon, his academic view of Reconstruction became the widespread view held by everyone around the country as movies such as Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind became popular. These mo vies portrayed Reconstruction as an era of tragic exploitation of the South by the North. They depicted blacks as being ignorant and pathetic savages, upholding the picture that Dunning first painted. In short, Dunning’s theory had a massive impact on the way the average citizen viewed black people and offered an excuse to continue to deny them their rights for years to come. It wasn’t until the 1930s when some historians, such as Vann C. Woodward, began to significantly challenge Dunning’s traditional view of Reconstruction. During 1910, there an attempt by W.E.B. Du Bois to counter his opinion but the attempt did not hold. In Black Reconstruction in America, Du Bois argues that the corruption spoken about was highly exaggerated and that Dunning overlooked many of Reconstruction’s achievements. Historians disregarded what Du Bois had to say because his use of the Marxist theory and because he was seen as a radical at the time. It was not until 20 years later when other historians, known as revisionists, began to echo Du Bois’ arguments. While these revisionists still saw Reconstruction as a failure, they disagreed with DunningShow MoreRelatedThe Main Objective Of A Historiography Paper Is To Research1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe main objective of a historiography paper is to research and define the distinct evolution of a his torical viewpoint on a certain event or subject matter. Historical perceptions of the Ku Klux Klan as an organization have been greatly modified over time. Beginning in the Reconstruction as an organization rich in justice and phenomenal, effective social work, the Klan has become the face of various historical interpretations. The three groups of sources that follow are categorized by the historicalRead MoreThe Legacy Of Reconstruction And Reconstruction Essay2362 Words   |  10 PagesRecent books on Reconstruction†¦have infused their subjects with drama by focusing on violent confrontations,† Eric Foner notes in the introduction of the updated edition to his 1988 publication Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. Up until now, Foner’s revisionist historiography of Reconstruction was the only alternative offered to the Dunning School’s account of the important historical era. In recent years a neo-revisionist interpretation of Reconstruction has emerged inRead MoreCivil Rights Activist. B. Du Bois1789 Words   |  8 PagesMike Rinehart W.E.B. Du Bois Review Civil Rights Activist W.E.B. Du Bois tackles a difficult era in American History following the Civil War which is known as Reconstruction. The era itself is well known for its lack of objectivity in the ways it has been viewed by white historians prior to the publication of this book in 1935. Du Bois book, Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880Read MoreThe War Of The Civil War1522 Words   |  7 Pagesunder the constitution. Reconstruction Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 and continued until 1877. It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war s aftermath, the most important of which were the three Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution, which remain in effect to the present time: the 13th, the 14th and the 15th . From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate theRead MoreSouthern Secession and the Causes for the Civil War1025 Words   |  4 Pagestopic has been explored. Yet still today, nearly 150 years later, historians continue to find new ways to answer this age old question—why did the South secede? The debate continues as authors seek to make sense of the primary documentation from that era, often forming conclusions that seem to contradict one another. Why does such a debate exist when there is so much primary source material and early analysis available to us? One answer I propose is that like many diverse and complicated issues thereRead MoreInterpretations Of American History, A Collaborative Team Of Four Editors791 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican historical event from the Puritans to the Reconstruction Era. At the beginning of each section, the editors offer an essay containing their own views and some of the debate/background surrounding each topic. Then, they present other scholars’ writings on the particular event. Also, please do not discount the editors’ introduction. It will help to clarify the set-up of the book and is a thoroughly enlightening overview of American historiography in itself. First of all, this book contains manyRead More`` Blue Moon Of Kentucky ``1792 Words   |  8 PagesCivil War, few relevant areas of research concerning the period remain unexplored. However, the era receives immense attention from each generation of historians and new ideas produce intensely researched studies frequently published. â€Å"A Forgotten Shade of Blue: Measuring Whig Tradition, Republican Support, and Constitutional Unionism in Southeast Kentucky, 1840-1876† will add to that large historiography with the examination of a long ignored and unusual regional loyalty within a border state. AppalachianRead MoreEssay on A Womens Perspective of the Civil War3303 Words   |  14 Pageswoman’s point of view, meant focusing on misery. By removing women from the overall picture of the Civil War, historians could ignore the misery and create a more affirmative representation of the Civil War. Until recently, the most basic historiographies of Civil War women were made of three parts. These included Northern women and the lasting consequences of their participation in the Civil War; Southern women, their encouragement or non-encouragement of the Confederate government and militaryRead MoreJesus And The Politics Of Interpretation816 Words   |  4 Pagesthe quest for the Historical-Jesus: the First Quest, the No Quest, and the Third Quest (also known as the New Quest). Fiorenza takes to arms the fact the New Quest adopted â€Å"a reductionist historical method which does not take into account that historiography must evaluate and place texts and artifacts in a coherent frame of meaning or reconstructive model† in telling a coherent story of Jesus (Fiorenza 38). The issue of using the kyirocentric language and framework whilst ignoring contesting interestsRead MoreAnalysis Of William Du Bois s The Soul Of The Black Folk Essay1960 Words   |  8 PagesHistoriography has changed immensely since the beginning of the historian profession. Times of conflict can result in the approaches of historiography changing in a short period. By the end of the nineteenth century, he writing of American history had changed from consensus to progressivism. This opened up a new form of writing and opportunities to include different approaches or fields, such as science, economics, political science, and sociology, to help the understanding of the topic. In 1903